A Tiger in the Zoo

A Tiger in the Zoo

Introduction:

In the poem “A Tiger in the Zoo” the poet has presented a contrast between a tiger in the zoo and a tiger in its natural habitat.  

 About the Poet:

Leslie Norris was a prize-winning Welsh poet and short story writer. For a very long time, he earned his living as a college lecturer, teacher, and headmaster. From 1974, he became a full-time writer with residencies at academic institutions in Britain and the United States. Today, he is considered as one of the most important Welsh writers of the post-war period.

Meaning stanza by stanza:

 Stanza 1

He stalks in his vivid stripes

The few steps of his cage,

On pads of velvet quiet,

In his quiet rage.

Meaning

In these lines, the poet describes a tiger in the zoo. Here, ‘few steps’ implies that this tiger has been provided with limited space in the cage. Then the poet goes on to describe the tiger’s appearance. It has prominent stripes all over its body. Its paws are soft as velvet.  And because of this, it can walk silently around the cage. Although the tiger is silent, it is angry.

Literary devices:

Rhyme scheme: abcb (cage-rage)

Personification: The tiger is personified because the poet refers him as ‘he’. 

Metaphor: Tiger’s paws are compared with velvet (pads of velvet)

Enjambment: Sentence is continuing to the next line without any punctuation mark. 

Imagery: poet tries to create an image about the tiger (He stalks in his vivid stripes The few steps of his cage)

Consonance: use of ‘s’ sound (stalks, his, stripes)

Assonance: use of vowel sound ‘I’ (in his vivid stripes) 

Oxymoron: use of adjectives opposite in meaning (quiet rage)

Stanza 2

He should be lurking in shadow,

Sliding through long grass

Near the water hole

Where plump deer pass.

Meaning

In these lines, the poet suggests that the cage is not an appropriate place for a tiger to live. Obviously, it’s not the tiger’s natural habitat. The poet suggests that usually tigers are found hiding behind bushes or tall grass. They wait near a stream or water hole waiting for their prey. You see, animals like deer come to these streams to drink water. And that is when the tiger slides silently through the grass and kills them.

Literary devices:

Rhyme: rhyme scheme is abcb (grass-pass)

Enjambment: The line continues to the next line without punctuation marks. (Sliding through….deer pass)

Alliteration: use of sound ‘p’ at the start of two words (plump pass)

Imagery: The poet tries to create an image of the tiger’s activities (lurking in shadow).

Stanza 3

He should be snarling around houses

At the jungle’s edge,

Baring his white fangs, his claws,

Terrorising the village!

Meaning

In this stanza, the poet tells us about the actual nature of a tiger. He imagines the tiger sitting at the edge of a jungle in close vicinity of a village. He says that the tiger should be growling near some village. He would be showing his sharp teeth and claws while moving here and there. He would thus become a cause of terror for the villagers. Here, the poet gives a  hint that if we destroy the natural habitat of tigers, they will be forced to turn to our towns and villages to find their food.

Literary devices:

Rhyme Scheme: abcb rhyme scheme is followed (edge, village)

Enjambment: The line continues to the next line without punctuation marks (He should be snarling around houses At the jungle’s edge,)

Onomatopoeia: using words that denote sound (snarling)

Assonance: use of vowel sound ‘o’ and ‘I’ (should, around, houses), (Baring, his, white, his)

Consonance: use of consonant sound ‘s’ (his, fangs, his, claws)

Stanza 4

But he’s locked in a concrete cell,

His strength behind bars,

Stalking the length of his cage,

Ignoring visitors.

Meaning

In this stanza, the poet is trying to generate sympathy for the plight of the tiger. The tiger is imprisoned in a cage made of concrete instead of roaming about freely in the jungle. He cannot come out of the cage because he is surrounded by strong bars. Although he is locked in the cage, the tiger seems to be well aware of its strength. Very slowly and silently, he continues walking in anger along the length of the cage. In all his pride, he takes no note of the visitors who come to the zoo to have a look at him.

Literary devices:

Rhyme Scheme: abcb rhyme scheme is followed (bars-visitors)

Personification: The tiger is personified because the poet refers him as ‘he’. Assonance: use of vowel sound ‘e’ (he, locked, concrete, cell)

Consonance: use of consonant sound ‘s’ (his, strength, bars)

Alliteration: use of sound ‘b’ at the start of two words (behind bars)

Stanza 5

He hears the last voice at night,

The patrolling cars,

And stares with his brilliant eyes

At the brilliant stars.

Meaning

In these concluding lines, the poet again takes us to the cage where the tiger is sitting. He has an unpleasant feeling and seems restless. He hears the sound of the patrolling cars of the zoo authorities. He shows no interest in them. He keeps staring at the shining stars with his brilliant eyes. We may conclude that the tiger in the zoo knows no rest during the day because of the visitors. Even at night, he remains disturbed due to the noises around him. As you can see, the poem ends up at the point where it had started.

Literary devices:

Rhyme Scheme: abcb rhyme scheme is followed (cars-stars)

Enjambment: Line three continues to line four without any punctuation marks. (And stares with his brilliant eyes At the brilliant stars.)

Alliteration: use of sound ‘h’ in the starting of two words (he hears) Assonance: use of ‘I’ sound (with, his, brilliant)

Meanings of words and phrases:

stalks: to follow an animal or person as closely as possible without being seen or heard

vivid: very brightly coloured

pads: the foot of the tiger

rage: anger

lurking: to wait or move in a secret way so that one cannot be seen

water hole: a depression in which water collects, especially one that is regularly drunk from by animals

plump: a rounded body or shape

snarling: to make a deep, rough sound while showing the teeth, usually in anger

edge: the outer or furthest point of an area

baring: to uncover or expose

Fangs: a large sharp tooth

terrorising: to make someone feel very frightened

concrete: a very hard building material made by mixing together cement, sand, small stones, and water

cell: cage

ignoring: to give no attention to something or someone

patrolling - to keep a watch over an area by regularly walking or travelling around it

stares - to look fixedly or vacantly at someone or something with one s eyes wide open

brilliant - very bright

Summary:

The poem begins with a description of a tiger that is very beautiful and is walking in his little cage. He has beautiful stripes on his skin and velvet-like soft paws. But the tiger is not happy and is quite angry about being confined in the cage. 

The poet says that if the tiger was not confined to the zoo cage, he would have been hiding behind the long grass near some water body, in order to catch its prey that is the deer. Also, he would have terrorised the residents of the villages around the forest area. But the reality is totally opposite of this. He was confined in a cage that was made up of strong building material and he was helpless there. He could not show his power to the visitors, therefore, never tried to terrorize them. The tiger is described as being powerless and agonized by the poet. 

He says that at night also he is alone, hearing the voice of the patrolling vehicles of police and looking at the stars. The cage life has totally changed the tiger’s personality. The poet is trying to say that the animal which is famous for its fearlessness and freedom is confined and sad due to the human beings who want to derive pleasure by looking at him in the zoo cage.

The Black Aeroplane

The Black Aeroplane

Watch the video on YouTube by clicking here (Opens in a new tab): The Black Aeroplane

About the Author:

Frederick Forsyth is a British author. He is born on August 25, 1938. He is a successful author who wrote several best-selling thriller novels. Some of his novels are made as Hollywood films.

Introduction:

“Black Aeroplane” by Frederick Forsyth is about a pilot who loses his way to England while flying solo from Paris. He comes across huge storm clouds. He decides to take the risk to go through the clouds as he is not having enough fuel either to go around the clouds or to fly over the clouds. Sadly, his instruments like radar, radio, and compass do not function. He is flying without any support. He is worried about his safe landing and reaching home. Suddenly, an unknown pilot appears in a black aeroplane and guides him to a safe landing. The mystery deepens as the receptionist tells the pilot that there is no other plane flying in the area on a stormy night.

Black Aeroplane Summary:

The story “Black Aeroplane” is about a lone pilot who is flying from Paris to London alone in an old Dakota plane. He hopes to reach his home in London for breakfast. He encounters dark clouds after leaving Paris. He takes a risk and goes through the clouds instead of going back to Paris as he wants to enjoy an English breakfast and to be with his family. He cannot fly around the clouds or fly above the clouds as his fuel is not sufficient. Once in the clouds, his instruments stop working and he is unable to guide the plane towards London.  In the hopeless moments, he sees a black aeroplace, whose pilot leads him to a safe landing. The unknown pilot disappears soon after landing.  The lady in the control room informs him that there is no other plane in the sky on the stormy night.

Vocabulary:

Compass  =  A navigational instrument for finding directions.

​Twist = took a curved course.

risk = a situation involving exposure to danger

Runway =  a large road that aircraft use to land on or to start flying from.

​​Radar  = a system that uses radio waves to find out the position of something you cannot see.

Frightened =  terrified

Followed =  chased

Obedient =  one who obeys (behave in accordance with)

Glad =  happy

Theme:

The black aeroplane, written by Frederick Forsyth is a mystery story. The story revolves around the mystery, ‘who was the pilot in the black aeroplane?’

The narrator was on his way to England hoping to have a good English breakfast with his family. He was flying an old Dakota plane alone. He came across great storm clouds ahead of him. As he was not having enough fuel either to fly around the clouds or to fly over the clouds, he risked entering into the clouds. He lost his instruments like the compass and his radar and radio stopped working. He was flying directionless without any support after he entered into the clouds. He was worried about his safe landing. He saw another aeroplane without lights on its wings. The pilot waved his hand to the narrator and gestured him to follow the black aeroplane. The narrator followed the pilot as an obedient child. With the help of the pilot in the black aeroplane, he landed safely.  The narrator wanted to thank the unknown pilot and asked the receptionist about his particulars. The lady receptionist informed him that there was no aeroplane flying in the vicinity because of bad weather.

Short Answer Questions with Answers:

1. Why was the narrator happy in the beginning of the story?

The narrator was happy in the beginning of the story because the sky was clear. He was alone above in the moonlit sky and over the sleeping countryside.

2. What was the make of the narrator’s aeroplane?

The narrator was flying an old Dakota aeroplane. Its call sign was Dakota DS088.

3. Where was the narrator going?

The narrator was going to London.

4. Why did the narrator think that it was an easy flight?

The narrator thought that it was an easy flight because he was on time and the sky was clear. Everything was going on smoothly.

5. What is a compass?

Compass is a navigational instrument. It shows directions. It is used by pilots and sailors.

6. When did the narrator first see the clouds?

The narrator first saw the clouds after flying about 150 kilometers from Paris.

7. Why the narrator could not fly around the clouds?

The narrator could not fly around the clouds as he was running low on fuel.

8. What was the risk the narrator had taken?

Instead of flying back to Paris, the narrator had decided to venture through the stormy clouds to reach London.

9. What made the narrator take the risk?

The narrator’s enthusiasm to reach home as early as possible to be with his family and his desire for an English breakfast made him take the risk.

10. What happened once the narrator’s aeroplane was in the clouds?

Once the narrator’s aeroplane was in clouds, everything went dark. Instruments like compass stopped working. The old aeroplane twisted and tossed in the clouds.

11. When did the narrator see another plane?

The narrator saw another plane soon after he his instruments stopped working and realized that he had lost his way.

12. Why the narrator was glad to see another person?

The narrator was glad to see another person because he was helpless and alone in storm clouds.

13. How could the narrator think that the other pilot was trying to help him?

The narrator thought that the other pilot was trying to help him as because the other pilot had waved at him and started leading him.

14. Why the narrator was happy to follow the strange aeroplane?

The narrator was happy to follow the strange aeroplane as he had no other means of navigation and he was unable to know his whereabouts in the dark clouds.

15. Why the narrator was starting to feel frightened again?

The narrator was starting to feel frightened again as he had left with fuel to fly only five or ten minutes.

16. When was the narrator frightened for the first time?

The narrator was frightened for the first time soon after his instruments stopped working and he lost his way.

17. How did the narrator know that he was near a runway?

The narrator knew that he was near a runway as he saw two horizontal lines of lights below.

18. Why did the woman at the control tower look at the narrator strangely?

The woman at the control tower looked at the narrator strangely because it was not possible for another plane to be flying on the dark, stormy night.

19. Why was the woman at the control tower so sure that there was no other plane flying on that night?

The woman at the control tower was very sure that there was no other plane flying on the night because she saw only the narrator’s plane in the radar.

20. Did the narrator reach London?

We cannot be sure whether the narrator had reached London or not. Probably, the narrator had landed on an airport which was nearby London. The narrator wanted to ask the woman at the control tower where he was.

Textual Questions and Answers:

Q1.   I'll take the risk.” What is the risk? Why does the narrator take it?

The risk was to fly through the black storm clouds. The narrator took the risk because he wanted to be in his home. He was dreaming of a holiday and looking forward to be with his family. He also wanted to get in time to enjoy a good English breakfast.

Q2.   Describe the narrator’s experience as he flew the aeroplane into the storm.

As he flew into the storm, everything went black. It was impossible to see anything outside the plane as it was very dark. His old Dakota plane jumped and twisted in the air. His compass was turning round and round. It was dead. Along with it, the other instruments, including the radio, were stopped working. Suddenly, he saw another aeroplane. Its pilot waved at him, gesturing him to follow. He was glad to find a helper. He was running out of fuel. The pilot in the black aeroplane guided him. Soon the other pilot started to go down and the narrator followed. He suddenly came out of the clouds and saw the runway. He landed safely.

Q3.   Why does the narrator say, “I landed and was not sorry to walk away from the old Dakota…”?

After landing, the narrator was not sorry to walk away from the old Dakota because he had a horrible and fearsome experience flying that plane. He was happy that he had landed the plane safely. That is why he was not sorry to walk away. Instead, he wanted to know where he landed. He also wanted to thank the other pilot who guided him.

Q4.   What made the woman in the control centre look at the narrator strangely?

The narrator had asked the woman in the control centre about the identity of the other pilot. She looked at him strangely as there was no other plane in the storm. She told him that no other plane was flying that night. His was the only plane she could see on the radar.

Q5.  Who do you think helped the narrator to reach safely? Discuss this among yourselves and give reasons for your answer.

Probably, the narrator’s own skills as a pilot had helped him through the storm. It was evident that there was no other plane in the storm. The woman at the control centre could see only his plane on the radar. No other aircraft might be flying in the vicinity because of the bad weather. The narrator might have been hallucinating as he was terrified and anxious. He might have imagined a helper to calm his mind used his training and skill set to land safely. 

Working with Language:

Try to guess the meanings of the word ‘black’ in the sentences given below. Check the meanings in the dictionary and find out whether you have guessed right.

1. Go and have a bath; your hands and face are absolutely black __________.

2. The taxi-driver gave Ratan a black look as he crossed the road when the traffic light was green. __________

3. The bombardment of Hiroshima is one of the blackest crimes against humanity. __________

4. Very few people enjoy Harold Pinter’s black comedy.     __________

5. Sometimes shopkeepers store essential goods to create false scarcity and then sell these in black. __________

6. Villagers had beaten the criminal black and blue. __________

Answers:

1. The meaning of ‘black’ in this sentence is that the face and hands are dark with dust and heat.

2. Here, ‘black’ refers to an angry look.

3. Here, ‘blackest’ refers to the darkest and cruelest crime against humanity.

4. Here, ‘black’ refers to sorrowful and gloomy comedy.

5. The meaning of ‘black’ in this sentence is that the shopkeepers sell the described goods ‘at a higher price’.

6. Here, ‘black’ means that the criminal suffered excessive beating at the hands of the villagers.

Match the phrases given under Column A with their meanings given under Column B:

A	B
Fly a flag	Move quickly/suddenly
Fly into rage	Be successful
Fly along	Display a flag on a long pole
Fly high	Escape from a place
Fly the coop	Become suddenly very angry

Answers:

A	B
Fly a flag	Display a flag on a long pole
Fly into rage	Become suddenly very angry
Fly along	Move quickly/suddenly
Fly high	Be successful
Fly the coop	Escape from a place

His First Flight

Introduction:

The story by “Liam O’ Flaherty” is about a young seagull that is afraid to fly for the first time. He believes that his wings would not support him. Despite his younger siblings flying fearlessly with much shorter wings, he could not gather enough courage to try. He was punished to stay hungry if he did not fly. His mother compelled him to fly by using food as a trap. The story tells us how we hesitate to take the first step in attempting something new. We should trust our abilities.  Fear is the root cause of failure.

Summary (in brief):

The story “His First Flight” by “Liam O’ Flaherty” is about a young seagull. He is afraid to fly. Even though his younger siblings have much shorter wings, they are flying fearlessly while he could not gather the courage to trust his own wings. He was sad as he saw his parents teaching and perfecting his siblings the art of flying. His parents scolded and taunted him for not even trying. Finally, they threaten him that he should be alone and hungry if he didn’t fly. The nest day, he was left alone on his ledge. He felt hungry and tried to get the attention of his family members. His mother noticed him. The young seagull cries out of hunger hoping his mother would feed him. He got excited as his mother came to him with some food. His mother used food as a tool to make him fly. He noticed that his mother had stopped mid-way. He was maddened at the sight of food as he was very hungry and took a dive at the fish. At last, he took his first flight. All the family members celebrate his victory by cheering and dancing around him. He also floated in the sea that he was once afraid of. Thus, he overcame his fear.

Summary (in detail):

The story is about a young seagull. Unlike his younger brothers and sisters, he is too afraid to fly. When the siblings went for flying for the first time, everyone succeeded except him, succeeded. He could not trust his wings. He got terrified by the vast sea and got convinced that he could never fly. As a result, he was ashamed and disheartened. His younger siblings managed to take their first flight despite their wings being shorter than his, but he could not get the courage though he tried desperately. He was scolded by his parents for not trying again but he was terrified of flying.

As he was alone on his ledge suffering from hunger, his parents were helping his siblings master the art of flying and diving to catch fish. His elder brother even caught his first fish. His parents taunted him for being a coward. The sun had now risen and he was feeling the heat more than ever because he was empty-stomach since the night before. He stepped out of his ledge and pretended to sleep on one leg to gain the attention of his family. Still, no one noticed him. His siblings were sleeping, his father was cleaning his feathers with his beak and his mother was standing on a hump of a plateau tearing a fish. She noticed him. The seagull got mad at the sight of the fish because he was very hungry. He cried in hunger to his mom while his mother screamed back angrily but he kept on crying. He screamed joyfully as his mother was flying towards him with the piece of fish. But she stopped short of him. Out of his excitement and hunger, he dived at the fish forgetting all about his fear of flying.

He plunged headlong downwards. He was shocked and afraid. But it only for a moment and soon, his feathers opened as he flew. He could feel the wind against his breast feathers, stomach and his wings. He could feel himself cutting through the air. He was not afraid anymore. He was just a bit nervous but then his mother accompanied him. The whole family screamed out of excitement, thus, celebrating his victory over fear.

Once he overcame his fear, he forgot that he was once afraid of it. He did all those things he once feared. He flew straight over the sea and could see the greenery and the mountains beneath him. He screamed out of joy as he enjoyed the victory. When he landed, his family landed along with him as a gesture that they were proud of. He was scared as his feet sank in the sea. He tried to fly off but he was too tired. As he calmed down, he started floating in the sea. His family was celebrating in excitement and offered him food as praise. Finally, he had conquered his fear and had made his first flight.

Theme:

The theme of the story “His first flight” is about courage and self-confidence. The story is about a seagull who is on its stage of learning how to fly. It also deals with the theme of how to overcome fears and move forward. The mother seagull seemed to be cruel but her intention was good. She wanted her son to overcome his fear of flying.

In this parable, the seagulls convey the message of self-confidence, motivation and self-reliance. The mother seagull motivates the young one enough to get him to learn flying. The baby seagull realizes the importance of belief and faith.

Vocabulary:

ledge = a narrow horizontal shelf projecting from a wall or (here) a cliff

fly (v1) – flew (v2) – flown (v3)

brink = end, edge

flap = (of a bird) move (its wings) up and down when flying or preparing to fly.

expanse = a wide continuous area of something

bend (v1) – bent (v2) – bent (v3)

run (v1) – ran (v2) – run(v3)

sleep (v1) –slept (v2) – slept(v3)

muster = gather

plunge= jump or dive

desperate = feeling or showing a hopeless sense of a situation

shrilly =  with a high pitched and piercing voice or sound

upbraiding  = scolding

threaten = frighten, scare

starve = suffer or die or cause to suffer or die from hunger

for the life of (one) = despite one's best efforts [idiom]

(to) skim = to move lightly just above a surface (here, the sea)

herring = a soft-finned sea fish

devour = eat quickly

cackle = laugh in a loud, harsh way

plateau = an area of fairly level high ground

taunt = provoke or challenge (someone) with insulting remarks

cowardice = lack of bravery

ascending = climbing up

pretend = behave so as to make it appear that something is the case when in fact it is not

doze = sleep lightly

preening = making an effort to maintain feathers

hump = a rounded raised mass of earth or land

scrapped = discard

madden = drive (someone or something) insane; make (someone) extremely annoyed

tear = pull (something) apart or to pieces with force

(to) whet  = to sharpen

derisively  = in a manner showing someone that she/he is stupid

plaintively = sadly, sorrowfully

uttered = make a sound with one’s voice

halted =  stopped

dive = plunge headfirst into water

monstrous = having the ugly or frightening appearance of a monster

terror = extreme fear

to last = to continue for a specified period of time

headlong = with the head foremost

soar = fly or rise high in the air

dizzy = an uncomfortable feeling of spinning around and losing one’s balance

swoop = (especially of a bird) move rapidly downwards through the air

curveting = leaping like a horse

banking = flying with one wing higher than the other

to commend = entrust someone or something to

shriek = utter a high-pitched piercing sound

ridges = a long, narrow hilltop, mountain range, or watershed

caw = to make a cawing sound

amuse =  to find something funny

beckoning = calling

fright = fear

exhaust = feel very tired

Short Answer Questions and Answers:

1. Why was the young seagull alone on his ledge?

The young seagull was alone on his ledge as he was afraid to fly. His siblings and parents had flown and he was left behind.

2. Why he was unable to fly?

He was afraid that his small wings might not support him. He was afraid and wasn’t confident. So, he was unable to fly.

3. How many members were in his family, who were they?

There were six members in his family. They were his parents, his two brothers, his sister and himself.

4. What did his father and mother do when he failed to fly?

His parents scolded him and taunted him for his cowardice. They warned him that he had to stay alone and hungry on his ledge if he failed to fly.

5. Why did his parents raise a proud cackle?

His parents raised a proud cackle as his elder brother had successfully caught a herring all by himself.

6. Why did he pretend to fall asleep?

He was tired and hungry. He was sad and lonely. He wanted sympathy and support from his family. In order to get their attention, he pretended to fall asleep.

7. What were his family members doing?

His siblings were dozing. His father was preening his wings. His mother was standing on a hump, tearing a fish. Only his mother was looking at him.

8. What maddened him?

The sight of the food, the fish being torn by his mother maddened him as he was very hungry.

9. Why he uttered a joyful scream?

He uttered a joyful scream because he thought that his mother was coming to feed him with the fish she was tearing.

10. Did his mother give him food?

No. She didn’t. She wanted to make her son overcome his fear of flying. She used food as a bite to make him fly.

11. What happened when he dived at the fish?

He was terrified and his heart stopped. He heard nothing for a while and soon his wings spread.

12. Why he was no longer afraid?

He was no longer afraid as he was able to fly and he overcame his fear of flying.

13. Describe the sea as he saw beneath him?

The sea beneath him was vast and green with little ridges moving over it.

14. Why did he scream with fright when he landed on the sea?

He thought of standing on the surface of the sea. As he landed on the sea, his feet sank into the sea. He was afraid and tried to fly off, but couldn’t as he was tired and hungry. So, he screamed with fright.

15. Why did the family offer him scraps of dog-fish?

The family offered him scraps of dogfish as he made his first flight and conquered his fear. They praised him by offering him scraps of dogfish.

Textual Questions and Answers:

Q1. Why was the young seagull afraid to fly? Do you think all young birds are afraid to make their first flight, or are some birds more timid than others? Do you think a human baby also finds it a challenge to take its first steps?

The young seagull was afraid to fly because he never flew. He thought that his wings would not be able to support him. The thought made him timid. Moreover, he was on a ledge, which was high above the sea.

I think that all birds are afraid when they fly for the first time. Every bird may not have the same degree of fear. I feel that some birds are more timid than other birds.
Yes. I think that a human baby also finds it a challenge to take its first steps. In fact, even grown-up humans find it challenging to attempt something new.

Q2. “The sight of the food maddened him.” What does this suggest? What compelled the young seagull to finally fly?

The young seagull was alone and without food on his ledge for a long time. He was sad at his own inability to fly. He was not getting any attention from his family. He saw his mother tearing a fish. He too wanted to tear and scrap a fish like that. His hunger made him mad.

His hunger, his mother’s unwillingness to feed him compelled the young seagull finally to fly. In fact, this was what his mother wanted.

Q3. “They were beckoning to him, calling shrilly.” Why did the seagull’s father and mother threaten him and cajole him to fly?

A. Unlike his siblings, the young seagull could not gather enough courage to take his first flight. His parents weren’t happy as he was timid and not willing to take the risk. Therefore, his parents taunted him for being a coward. They even threatened him to let him starve if he did not try. They made him be alone on the ledge. They wanted him to learn how to hunt his own food. So, they threatened and cajoled him.

Q4. Have you ever had a similar experience, where your parents encouraged you to do something that you are too scared to try? (Discuss this in pairs or groups.)

Yes. I had a similar experience. I was afraid of riding a cycle. I had a bitter experience when I tried to ride a cycle for the first time. I fell down and injured. So, I was terrified at the thought of riding a cycle. My parents did their best to encourage me.

Q5. In the case of a bird flying, it seems a natural act and a foregone conclusion that it should succeed. In the examples you have given in answer to the previous question, was your success guaranteed, or was it important for you to try, regardless of a possibility of failure?

The example given by me is about my fear of riding a cycle. No, my success is not guaranteed because it is not a biological or natural skill. Riding a cycle needs a sense of balance and coordination. Regardless of the possibility of failure, it was important for me to try as all my classmates and cousins were riding cycles. I had to prove myself to all of them that I too could do it.

Nelson Mandela – A Long Walk to Freedom

Nelson Mandela – A Long Walk to Freedom

Introduction:

‘Apartheid’ is a political system that separates people according to their race. Nelson Mandela and his African National Congress spent a lifetime fighting against apartheid.  Mandela had to spend thirty long years in prison. Finally, democratic elections were held in South Africa in 1994, and Mandela became the first black President of the new nation. Mr Mandela’s African National Congress also known as ANC party won 252 of the 400 seats in the elections. The inauguration ceremony took place in the amphitheatre of the Union Building in Pretoria. It was attended by politicians and dignitaries from more than 140 countries around the world. Nelson Mandela in his address said, “Never, never again will this beautiful land experience the oppression of one by another.” Jubilant scenes on the streets of Pretoria followed the ceremony with blacks, and whites celebrating together. More than 100,000 South African men, women and children of all races sang and danced with joy.

Summary:

10th May was the day when Nelson Mandela was sworn in as the first black Head of State of South Africa. His anti-racist party came into power after years of struggle. Until then, the seat had always been occupied by white Presidents. Days before this event, many notable personalities started congratulating him for his victory. For the first time in the country’s history, so many international leaders came together for the inauguration ceremony. The ceremony took place in an open circular building made of sandstone consisting of Union buildings in Pretoria. Nelson Mandela was accompanied by his daughter Zenani. Mr de Klerk was the first person who took oath as second Deputy President followed by Thabo Mbeki who was sworn in as the first Deputy President of South Africa. Nelson Mandela was sworn in as the first black President of South Africa. After Mr Mandela had taken his oath, South African jets displayed their military power. It also showed the loyalty of the military to democracy. This was followed by the playing of two national anthems. The whites’ sang ‘Nkosi Sikelel’ and the blacks sang ‘Die Stem’.

Nelson Mandela remembers the days when the whites had formed a system of racial dominance against the blacks. It was the basis of the harsh societies which is now overturned. He says that the policy of apartheid created a deep and lasting wound on his country and its people. Now the newly formed government recognizes the rights and freedom of all people. On the auspicious day Mr. Mandela regretted the loss of thousands of people and remembered their sacrifices they made. He thought of himself as the sum of all those African patriots who sacrificed their lives before him. He was pained that he couldn’t thank them. He recalled great freedom fighters like Oliver Tambos, Walter Sisulu, Chief Luthuli, Yusuf Dadoo as the men of uncommon courage, wisdom and generosity. He said that the country is rich in minerals but its greatest wealth is its people.

Mr. Mandela believes that courageous is not the person who is fearless, but the person who has overcome fear. He also mentioned the two duties that every human has, one is towards his family and the other is towards his country and its people. He says that a civilized society should give to perform these two obligations. But it is not possible in an apartheid society. He says that his obligation towards his family was neglected as he was fighting for freedom. He became a man of people when he realized that the idea of freedom was an illusion for him and people like him. It was then he joined the African National Congress and fought for his rights till he became the first black President of the nation. According to him, the oppressor is as much a prisoner as the oppressed. As soon as the former robs the oppressed of their freedom he, himself gets robbed of his humanity.

Meanings of words and phrases:

besieged  =  surrounded by

dignitaries  =  people considered to be important because of high rank or office

inauguration  =  the beginning or introduction of a system, policy, or period

amphitheater =  a circular or oval area of ground around which rows of seats are arranged on a steep slope, for watching plays, sports, etc.

Podium  =  a raised area on which a person stands to speak to a large number of people, to conduct music, or to receive a prize in a sports competition.

non- racial  =  not influenced by a person s race

pledged  =  to make a serious or formal promise to give or do something

uphold  =  to defend or keep a principle or law

confer  =  to grant a title, degree, benefit, or right

outlaws  =  a person who has broken the law, especially one who remains at large or is a fugitive

rare  =  an event, situation, or condition not occurring very often

privilege  =  an advantage that only one person or group of people has, usually because of their position or because they are rich

distinguished  =  describe a respected and admired person

possession  =  the state of having, owning, or controlling something

dignity  =  valuable and worthy of respect

emancipation  =  the act of freeing a person from another person s control

bondage  =  the state of being another person s slave

deprivation  =  a situation in which one does not have things or conditions that are usually considered necessary for a good life

oppression  =  a situation in which people are governed in an unfair and cruel way and prevented from having opportunities and freedom

glorious  =  deserving great admiration, praise, and honour

reign  =  to be the king or queen of a country

awe  =  a feeling of great respect sometimes mixed with fear or surprise

spectacular  =  something beautiful in a dramatic and eye = catching way

array  =  an impressive display or range of a particular type of thing

precision  =  the quality of being exact

bedecked  =  to be decorated

unmindful  =  to not remember, notice, or be careful about something

chevron  =  a V = shaped mark, a V-shaped line or stripe

smoke trail  =  a line = shaped cloud produced by aircraft engine exhaust

despised  =  to feel a strong dislike for someone or something

overwhelmed  =  to have a strong emotional effect

erected  =  to create or establish

inhumane  =  cruel and causing suffering.

overturned  =  to abolish, invalidate, or reverse a previous system, decision, situation

wrought  =  cause something to happen

profound  =  very deep

brutality  =  cruel and violent treatment or behaviour

unintended  =  unplanned

comrades  =  friends or companions

resilience  =  the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties

defies  =  refuses to obey a person, decision, law, situation, etc

triumph  =  victory

grimmest  =  something harsh or formidable in manner or appearance

glimmer  =  a slight sign of something good or positive

reassure  =  comfort someone and stop them from worrying

extinguished  =  put an end to or destroy

obligations  =  duties or responsibilities

humane  =  compassionate or kind

inclinations  =  a feeling that you want to do a particular thing, or the fact that you prefer or are more likely to do a particular thing

isolated  =  having minimal contact or little in common with others

inevitably  =  certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented

twilight  =  a period of decline

secrecy  =  the condition of being hidden or concealed

rebellion  =  the action or process of resisting authority, control, or convention

mealies  =  maize kernels or sweet corn

abided  =  to accept or act in accordance with a rule, decision, or recommendation

illusion  =  a false idea or belief

transitory  =  last for only a short time

yearned  =  to wish for something very strongly

curtailed  =  to stop something before it is finished

animated  =  full of interest and energy

attorney  =  a person who has the legal right to act for someone else

monk  =  a member of a group of religious men who do not marry and usually live together in a monastery

virtuous  =  having or showing high moral standards

prejudice  =  an unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledge

narrow-mindedness  =  a limited outlook of a person who is unwilling to consider alternative ideas, perspectives or thoughts

Theme:

Nelson Mandela fought for the rights and freedom of the blacks in South Africa. In those days, slavery was rampant in Africa and they faced the harshest and the most inhumane conditions. To bring the people out of these conditions was not an easy task. Nelson Mandela and all the members of African National Congress gave up their families and spent years of rigorous imprisonment and torture. Freedom for South Africa did not happen overnight. The freedom that we Indians got from the British was an outcome of a very long struggle. We must cherish and preserve this freedom. As Nelson Mandela rightly said, ‘A man who takes away another man’s freedom is a prisoner of hatred; he is locked behind the bars of prejudice and narrow-mindedness.’

Short Answer Questions:

1. What is the meaning of ‘apartheid’?

2. What was the importance of 10-05-1994?

3. Who besieged Nelson Mandela?

4. What were the ceremonies?

5. Where did the ceremonies take place?

6. Who were sworn in before Mandela?

7. What was the pledge of Mandela?

8. Why it was a ‘newborn liberty’?

9. What was the extraordinary human disaster?

10. Why were they outlaws in their own country?

11. What do you mean by political emancipation?

12. What was the pledge of South Africans?

13. What are the meanings of ‘deprivation’ and ‘discrimination’?

14. What did Mandela mean by saying, ‘the sun will never set on so glorious a human achievement’?

15. What are the colors in the South African National Flag?

16. What are the old and new national anthems of South Africa?

17. What was the history that overwhelmed Nelson Mandela?

18. What can never be counted or repaid according to Mandela?

19. What created a deep and lasting wound in South Africa and its people?

20. What was another, unintended effect of decades of oppression and brutality?

21. Who were the men of extraordinary courage, wisdom and generosity?

22. What is the greatest wealth of South Africa?

23. What did Mandela learn about courage from the comrades of struggle?

24. What is courage and who are brave men?

25. How Mandela had reasoned that people can be taught to love?

26. What was enough to reassure Mandela and keep him going?

27. What are everyman’s twin obligations according to Mandela?

28. Why was it difficult to fulfill the twin obligations in countries like South Africa?

29. How was Mandela born in terms of freedom?

30. How was the hunger for freedom developed in Nelson Mandela?

31. What animated Mandela’s life?

32. How was he transformed?

33. Why should be the oppressor liberated according to Mandela?

34. What is the meaning of ‘prejudice’?

35. What was transitory freedom?

Unit 2 of Words and Expressions 2

Vocabulary: (Page 22)

Precincts = boundaries
The precincts of places where the corona virus is detected are closed temporarily.
Comity of nations = association of nations
SARC is a comity of nations committed to the development of the region.
Unassailable = unable to be attacked, questioned, or defeated
The initiatives that the government has taken to curb the spread of the corona virus are unassailable.
Mutual cooperation = We can move forward for our betterment only through our mutual cooperation.

Answer to Q. 2 on Page. 24
Obviously, the is used most. Because he tells us about several definite things or particular things. It is used more than 70 times whereas a is used less than 20 times.

Editing Rules - Subject and Verb Agreement

Editing Rules

Editing / Spotting Errors / Correcting Sentences

Rule No: 1

Subject-Verb Agreement:

Singular Subject takes a Singular Verbs

Plural Subject takes Plural Verb

Rule No: 2

Two Singular Verbs with “or”, “either”, “neither”, “nor” take a Singular Verb.

Rule No: 3

Two Singular Verbs with “and” take a Plural Verb.

Rule No: 4

Sentences with “either…or” and “neither…nor” the Verb can be either Singular or Plural depending upon the noun which is near to it. The Verb follows the noun which is close to it.

Rule No: 5

Singular Subject with “along with”, “as well as” and like expressions take Singular Verb.

Rule No: 6

Distance, Passage of time, and sum of money take Singular Verb.

Important Rules - Editing
Rule No: 1 Subject-Verb Agreement: Singular Subject takes a Singular Verbs Plural Subject takes Plural Verb	Rule No: 2 Two Singular Verbs with “or”, “either”, “neither”, “nor” take a Singular Verb.	Rule No: 3 Two Singular Verbs with “and” take a Plural Verb.
Rule No: 4 Sentences with “either…or” and “neither…nor” the Verb can be either Singular or Plural depending upon the noun which is near to it. The Verb follows the noun which is close to it.	Rule No: 5 Singular Subject with “along with”, “as well as” and like expressions take Singular Verb.	Rule No: 6 Distance/ Passage of time/ sum of money take Singular Verb.